Publications

2015

• Yuan S, McSinggin H, Zheng H, Yan W. 2015. A Testis-Specific Gene, Ubqlnl, Is Dispensable for Mouse Embryonic Development and Spermatogenesis. Molecular Reproduction and Development 82: 408-409. DOI 10.1002/mrd.22504.
• Oliver DK, Yuan S, Yan W. 2015. Cas9/CRISPR-mediated genome editing results in pervasive genotypic mosaicism in founder mice derived from pronuclear injections. PLoS ONE 0(6): e0129457. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0129457.
• Song HW, Bettegowda A, Oliver D, Yan W, Phan MH, de Rooij DG, Corbett M, Wilkinson MF. 2015. shRNA Off-Target Effects In Vivo: Impaired Endogenous siRNA Expression and Spermatogenic Defects. PLoS ONE In Press.
• Yuan S, Oliver DK, Schuster A, Zheng H, Yan W. 2015. Breeding scheme and maternal small RNAs affect the efficiency of transgenerational inheritance of a paramutation in mice. Scientific Reports In Press.
• Yuan S, Qin W, Riordan CR, McSwiggin, H, Zheng H, Yan W. 2015. Ubqln3, a testis-specific gene, is dispensable for embryonic development and spermatogenesis in mice. Molecular Reproduction and Development In Press.
• Ortogero N, Hennig GW, Luong D, Yan W. 2015. Computer-assisted annotation of small RNA transcriptomes. Methods in Molecular Biology 2015;1218:353-64. doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-1538-5_22. PubMed PMID: 25319663.
• Schuster A, Hennig GW, Ortogero N, Luong D, Yan W. 2015. In Silico Identification of Novel Endo-siRNAs. Methods in Molecular Biology. 2015;1218:341-51. doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-1538-5_21. PubMed PMID: 25319662.
• Yuan S, Tang C, Zhang Y, Wu J, Bao J, Zheng H, Xu C, Yan W. 2015. mir-34b/c and mir-449a/b/c are required for spermatogenesis, but not for the first cleavage division in mice. Biology Open Advance Online Article January 23, 2015, doi:10.1242/bio.201410959.
• Yuan S, Stratton CJ, Bao J, Zheng H, Bhetwal BP, Yanagimachi, R, Yan W. 2015. Spata6 is required for normal assembly of the sperm connecting piece and tight head-tail conjunction. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA Published online before print January 20, 2015, doi:10.1073/pnas.1424648112 PNAS January 20, 2015.

2014

• Bao J, Tang C, Li J, Zhang Y, Bhetwal BP, Zheng H, Yan W. 2014. RAN-Binding Protein 9 is Involved in Alternative Splicing and is Critical for Male Germ Cell Development and Male Fertility. PLoS Genet 10(12): e1004825. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004825.
• Bao J, Tang C, Porse BT, Yan W. 2014. UPF2, a nonsense-mediated mRNA decay factor, is required for prepubertal Sertoli cell development and male fertility by ensuring transcriptomic fidelity. Development IN PRESS.
• Ortogero N, Hennig GW, Luong D, Yan W. 2014. Computer-assisted annotation of small RNA transcriptomes. Methods in Molecular Biology. 2015;1218:353-64. doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-1538-5_22. PubMed PMID: 25319663.
• Ortogero N, Schuster AS, Oliver DK, Riordan CR, Hong AS, Hennig GW, Luong D, Bao J, Bhetwal BP, Ro S, McCarrey JR, Yan W. 2014. A Novel Class of Somatic Small RNAs Similar to Germ Cell Pachytene PIWI-interacting Small RNAs. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2014 Oct15. pii: jbc.M114.613232. [ePub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 25320077. doi: 10.1074.
• Yan W. 2014. Potential roles of noncoding RNAs in environmental epigenetic transgenerational inheritance. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, Available online 16 September 2014, DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.09.008.
• Yuan S, Ortogero N, Wu Q, Zheng H, Yan W. 2014. Murine Follicular Development Requires Oocyte DICER, but Not DROSHA. Biology of Reproduction Published online before print July 2, 2014, doi: 10.1095/​biolreprod.114.119370.
• Wu J, Bao J, Kim M, Yuan S, Tang C, Zheng H, Mastick G, Xu C, Yan W. 2014. Two miRNA clusters, miR-34b/c and miR-449, are essential for normal brain development, motile ciliogenesis, and spermatogenesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(28), E2851-E2857. Published online before print June 30, 2014, doi: 10.1073/pnas.1407777111.
• Bao J, Zhang Y, Schuster A, Ortogero N, Nilsson EE, Skinner MK, Yan W. 2014. Conditional inactivation of Miwi2 reveals that MIWI2 is only essential for prospermatogonial development in mice. Cell Death and Differentiation (24 January 2014) doi:10.1038/cdd.2014.

2013

• Bao J, Ma HY, Schuster A, Lin YM, Yan W. 2013. Bao J, Ma HY, Schuster A, Lin YM, Yan W. Genesis Published online on March 12, 2013, DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22389.
• Bao J, Wu J, Schuster AS, Hennig GW, Yan W. 2013. Expression Profiling Reveals Developmentally Regulated lncRNA Repertoire in the Mouse Male Germline. Biology of Reproduction Published online before print September 18, 2013, doi: 10.1095/​biolreprod.113.113308.
• Yuan S, Zheng H, Zheng Z, Yan W. 2013. Proteomic analyses reveal a role of cytoplasmic droplets as an energy source during epididymal sperm maturation. PLoS ONE 8(10): e77466. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0077466.
• Bao J, Yuan S, Maestas A, Bhetwal B, Schuster A, Yan W. 2013. Stk31 is dispensable for embryonic development and spermatogenesis in mice. Molecular Reproduction and Development. Volume 80, Issue 10, page 786, October 2013.
• Xu H, Yuan S, Zheng Z, Yan W. 2013. The cytoplasmic droplet may be indicative of sperm motility and normal spermiogenesis. Asian Journal of Andrology June 17, 2013; doi:10.1038/aja.2013.69.
• Ro S, Ma HY, Park C, Ortogero N, Song R, Hennig GW, Zheng H, Lin YM, Moro L, Hsieh JT, Yan W. 2013. The Mitochondrial Genome Encodes Abundant Small Noncoding RNAs. Cell Research Published online on 12 March 2013, doi:10.1038/cr.2013.37.

2012

• Idler, KR, Hennig, GW, Yan W. 2012. Bioinformatic Identification of Novel Elements Potentially Involved in mRNA Fate Control during Spermatogenesis. Biology of Reproduction 87 (6) 138:1-10. Published ahead of print October 10, 2012, doi: 10.1095/biolreprod.112.102434.
• Ortogero N, Hennig GW, Langille C, Ro S, McCarrey JR, Yan W. 2012. Computer-Assisted Annotation of the Sertoli Cell Small RNA Transcriptome. Biology of Reproduction 88 (1) 3:1-10. Published ahead of print November 7, 2012, doi:10.1095/biolreprod.112.102269.
• Bao J, Yan W. 2012. Male germline control of transposable elements. Biology of Reproduction 86 (5) 162, 1-14.
• Bao J, Li D, Wang L, Wu J, Hu Y, Wang Z, Chen Y, Cao X, Jiang C, Yan W*, Xu C. 2012. microRNA-449 and microRNA-34b/c function redundantly in murine testes by targeting the E2F transcription factor-Retinoblastoma protein (E2F-pRb) pathway. Journal of Biological Chemistry 287(26): 21686-21698. (*co-corresponding author).
• Wu Q, Song R, Ortogero N, Zheng H, Evanoff R, Small CL, Griswold MD, Namekawa SH, Royo H, Turner JM, Yan W. 2012. The RNase III Enzyme DROSHA Is Essential for microRNA Production and Spermatogenesis. Journal of Biological Chemistry 287(30): 25173-25190.

2011

• Idler RK, Yan W. 2011. Control of messenger RNA fate by RNA binding proteins: an emphasis on mammalian spermatogenesis. Journal of Andrology 33: 309-337.
• Song R, Hennig G, Wu Q, Jose C, Zheng H, Yan W. 2011. Male germ cells express abundant endogenous siRNAs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 108:13159-64.
• Park C, Yan W, Ward SM, Hwang SJ, Wu Q, Hatton W, Park J, Sanders KM, Ro S. 2011. MicroRNAs dynamically remodel gastrointestinal smooth muscle cells. PLoS ONE 6(4): e18628.
• Bao J, Zhang J, Song R, Zheng H, Yan W. 2011. Ran-binding protein 17 is preferentially expressed in the testis and is associated with the XY body and manchette during spermatogenesis. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 333:134-142.
• Park C, Hennig GW, Sanders KM, Cho JH, Hatton WJ, Redelman D, Park JK, Ward SM, Miano JM, Yan W, Ro S. 2011. SRF-dependent microRNAs regulate gastrointestinal smooth muscle cell phenotypes. Gastroenterology 141(1): 164-175.
• Bao J, Wang L, Lei J, Hu Y, Liu Y, Shen H, Yan W, Xu C. 2011. STK31(TDRD8) is dynamically regulated throughout mouse spermatogenesis and interacts with MIWI protein. Histochemistry and Cell Biology 137(3): 377-89.

2010

• Ro S, Park C, Jin J, Zheng H, Blair P, Redelman D, Ward SM, Yan W, Sanders KM. 2010. A model to study the phenotypic changes of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) in gastrointestinal diseases. Gastroenterology 138(3): 1068-78.e1-2.
• Ro S, Yan W. 2010. Detection and quantitative analysis of small RNAs by PCR. Methods in Molecular Biology 629:295-305.
• Song R, Ro S, Yan W. 2010. In situ hybridization detection of microRNAs. Methods in Molecular Biology 629:287-94.
• Ro S, Yan W. 2010. Small RNA cloning. Methods in Molecular Biology 629:273-85.
• Bao J, Zhang J, Zheng H, Yan W. 2010. Ubiquilin1is localized to the junction of Sertoli cell and developing spermatids. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 327:89-97.
• Yan W, Slaymaker S, Si Y, Jin J, Zheng H, Aslanian A, Saunders L, Verdin E, Charo IF. 2010. Zmynd15 encodes a transcription repressor essential for late spermiogenesis and male fertility. Journal of Biological Chemistry 285:31418-31426.

2009

• Yan W, McCarrey JR. 2009. Noise amidst the silence: sex chromosome inactivation in the male. Epigenetics 4(7):452-456.
• Zhu MH, Kim TW, Ro S, Yan W, Ward SM, Koh SD, Sanders KM. 2009. A Ca(2+)-activated Cl(-) conductance in interstitial cells of Cajal linked to slow wave currents and pacemaker activity. Journal of Physiology 587:4905-4918.
• Ma L, Buchold GM, Greenbaum MP, Roy A, Burns KH, Zhu H, Han DY, Harris RA, Coarfa C, Gunaratne PH, Yan W, Matzuk MM. 2009. GASZ is Essential for Male Meiosis and Suppression of Retrotransposon Synthesis in the Male Germline. PLoS Genetics 5(9): e1000635. Published online 2009 September 4. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000635.
• Yan W. 2009. Male Infertility caused by spermiogenic defects: Lessons from gene knockouts. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 306:24-32. doi:10.1016/j.mce.2009.03.003.
• Papaioannou MD, Pitetti JL, Ro S, Park C, Aubry F, Schaad O, Vejnar CE, Descombes P, Zdobnov EM, McManus MT, Guillou F, Harfe BD, Yan W, Jégou B, Nef S. 2009. Sertoli cell Dicer is essential for spermatogenesis in mice. Developmental Biology 326:250-259.
• Song R, Ro S, Michaels JD, Park, C, McCarrey JR, Yan W. 2009. X-linked microRNAs escape meiotic sex chromosome inactivation. Nature Genetics 41:488-493.

2008

• Yan W*, Morozumi K*, Zhang J, Ro S, Park C, Yanagimachi R. 2008. Birth of mice after intracytoplasmic injection of single purified sperm nuclei and detection of messenger RNAs and microRNAs in the sperm nuclei. Biology of Reproduction 78:896-902 (*corresponding author).

2007

• Jin J, Jin N, Zheng H, Ro S, Tafolla D, Sanders KM, Yan W. 2007. Catsper3 andCatsper4 are Essential for Sperm Hyperactivated Motility and Male Fertility. Biology of Reproduction 77:37-44.
• Ro S, Song R, Park C, Zheng H, Sanders KM, Yan W. 2007. Cloning and expression profiling of small RNAs expressed in the mouse ovary. RNA Published online before print October 19, 2007, DOI: 10.1261/rna.754207.
• Ro S, Park C, Young D, Sanders KM, McCarrey JR, Yan W. 2007. Cloning and expression profiling of testis-expressed microRNAs. Developmental Biology 311: 604-614.
• Ro S, Park C, Song R, Nguyen D, Jin J, Sanders KM, McCarrey JR, Yan W. 2007. Cloning and expression profiling of testis-expressed piRNA-like RNAs. RNA Published August 13, 2007, 10.1261/rna.640307.
• Zheng Z, Zheng H, Yan W. 2007. Fank1 is a testis-specific gene encoding a nuclear protein exclusively expressed during the transition from the meiotic to the haploid phase of spermatogenesis. Gene expression patterns 7:777-783.
• Zheng H, Stratton CJ, Morozumi K, Jin J, Yanagimachi R, Yan W. 2007. Lack of Spem1 causes aberrant cytoplasm removal, sperm deformation and male infertility. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 104:6852-6857.
• Lin YN, Roy A, Yan W, Burns KH, Matzuk MM. 2007. Loss of zona pellucida binding proteins in the acrosomal matrix disrupts acrosome biogenesis and sperm morphogenesis. Molecular and Cellular Biology doi:10.1128/MCB.01029-07, published online ahead of print on 30 July 2007.
• Ro S, Park C, Young D, Sanders KM, Yan W. 2007. Tissue-dependent paired expression of miRNAs. Nucleic Acids Research Published online on August 28, 2007, Doi:10.1093/nar/gkm641.

2006

• Ro S, Park C, Jin J, Sanders KM, Yan W. 2006. A PCR-based method for detection and quantification of small RNAs. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 351:756-763.
• Wang SH, Zheng HL, Esaki Y, Kelly F, Yan W. 2006. Cullin3 is a KLHL10-interacting protein preferentially expressed during late spermiogenesis. Biology of Reproduction 74:102-108.
• Yatsenko AN, Roy A, Chen R, Ma L, Murthy LJ, Yan W, Lamb DJ, Matzuk MM. 2006. Non-invasive genetic diagnosis of male infertility using spermatozoal RNA: KLHL10 mutations in oligozoospermic patients impair homodimerization. Human Molecular Genetics 15:3411-3419.
• Greenbaum MP, Yan W*, Wu MH, Lin YN, Agno JE, Sharma M, Braun RE, Rajkovic A, Matzuk MM. 2006. TEX14 is essential for intercellular bridges and fertility in male mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA103(13):4982-7. (*co-first authors).

2005

• Jin JL, O’Doherty AM, Wang SH, Zheng HL, Sanders KM, Yan W. 2005. Catsper3and Catsper4 encode two cation channel-like proteins exclusively expressed in the testis. Biology of Reproduction 73:1235-1242.
• Yan W, Ma L, Stein P, Pangas SA, Burns KH, Bai, YC, Schultz, RM, Matzuk, MM. 2005. Mice deficient in oocyte-specific oligoadenylate synthetase-like protein OAS1D display reduced fertility. Molecular and Cellular Biology 25:4615-4624.
• Huang JX, Yan W, Song ZX, Qian RY, Chen P, Salminen E, Toppari J. 2005. Relationship between proliferative activity of cancer cells and clinic pathological factors in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. World Journal of Gastroenterology 11:2956-2959.

2004

• Yan W, Ma L, Burns, KH, Matzuk MM. 2004. Haploinsufficiency of KLHL10 causes male infertility. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA101:7793-7798.
• Yan W, Ma L, Zilinski CA, Matzuk MM. 2004. Identification and characterization of evolutionarily conserved pufferfish, zebrafish, and frog orthologs of GASZ. Biology of Reproduction 70:1619-1625.
• Pangas SA, Yan W., Matzuk MM, Rajkovic A. 2004. Restricted germ cell expression of a gene encoding a novel mammalian HORMA domain containing protein. Gene Expression Patterns 5: 257-263.
• Roy A, Yan W, Burns KH, Matzuk MM. 2004. Tektin3 encodes an evolutionarily conserved putative testicular microtubules-related protein expressed preferentially in male germ cells. Molecular Reproduction and Development 67:295-302.

2003

• Yan W, Assadi AH, Wynshaw-Boris A, Eichele G, Matzuk MM, Clark GD. 2003. A novel role for platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase 1b in mouse spermatogenesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA100:7189-7194.
• Yan W, Santti H, Jänne OA, Palvimo JJ, Toppari J. 2003. Expression of the E3 SUMO-1 ligases PIASx and PIAS1 during spermatogenesis in the rat. Gene Expression Patterns 3:301-308.
• Yan W, Burns KH, Matzuk MM. 2003. Genetic engineering to study testicular tumorigenesis (Review). APMIS 111: 174-183.
• Yan W, Ma L, Burns KH, Matzuk MM. 2003. Identification of a novel spermatid-specific linker histone H1 involved in chromatin remodeling during mammalian spermiogenesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA100:10546-10551.
• Yan W, Huang JX, Lax AS, Pelliniemi L, Salminen E, Poutanen M, Toppari J. 2003. Overexpression of Bcl-w in the testis disrupts spermatogenesis: revelation of a role of BCL-W in male germ cell cycle control. Molecular Endocrinology 17:1868-1879.
• Suzumori N, Burns KH, Yan W, Matzuk MM. 2003. RFLP-4 interacts with proteins of the ubiquitin-proteosome degradation pathway in oocytes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 100:550-555.
• Wu MH, Rajkovic A, Burns KH, Yan W, Lin YN, Matzuk MM. 2003. Sequence and expression of testis-expressed gene 14 (Tex 14): a gene encoding a protein kinase expressed exclusively during spermatogenesis. Gene Expression Patterns 3:231-236.
• Toppari J, Suominen JS, Yan W. 2003. The role of retinoblastoma protein family in the control of germ cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival (Review). APMIS 111:245-251.

2002

• Yan W, Hirvonen SJ, Palvimo J, Toppari J, Janne OA. 2002. Expression of the Nuclear RING Finger Protein SNURF/RNF4 during Rat Testis Development Suggests a Role in Spermatid Maturation. Mechanisms of Development 118: 247-253.
• Yan W, Rajkovic A, Viveiros MM, Burns KH, Eppig JJ, Matzuk MM. 2002. Identification of Gasz, an evolutionarily conserved gene expressed exclusively in germ cells and encoding a protein with four ankyrin repeats, a sterile-alpha motif, and a basic leucine zipper. Molecular Endocrinology 16: 1168-1184.
• Yan W, Burns KH, Ma L, Matzuk MM. 2002. Identification of Zfp393, a germ cell-specific gene encoding a novel zinc finger protein. Mechanisms of Development 118: 233-239.
• Rajkovic A, Yan C, Yan W, Klysik M, Matzuk M. 2002. Obox, a family of homeobox genes preferentially expressed in germ cells. Genomics 79: 711-717.

2001

• Li X, Nokkala E, Yan W, Streng T, Saarinen N, Wärri A, Huhtaniemi I, Santti R, Mäkelä S, Poutanen M. 2001. Altered structure and function of reproductive organs in transgenic male mice overexpressing human aromatase and maintaining elevated serum estradiol and low testosterone concentrations. Endocrinology 142:2435–2442.
• Yan W, Kero J, Suominen J, Toppari J. 2001. Differential expression and regulation of retinoblastoma protein (pRb) family members during testicular development and spermatogenesis: a model for the control of germ cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis in vivo. Oncogene 20: 1343–1356.
• Blaeser F, Toppari J, Heikinheimo M, Yan W, Wallace M, Ho N, Chatila T. 2001. Normal Spermatogenesis in CaMKIV/Gr-Deficient Mice. American Journal of Physiology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism 281: E931-E937.
• Suominen J, Yan W, Toppari J, Kaipia A. 2001. The expression and regulation of Bcl-2-related ovarian killer (Bok) mRNA in the developing and adult rat testis. European Journal of Endocrinology 145:771-778.

2000

• Yan W, Samson M, Jégou B, Toppari J. 2000. Bcl-w forms complexes with Bax and Bak and elevated ratios of Bax/Bcl-w and Bak/Bcl-w correspond to spermatogonial and spermatocyte apoptosis in the testis. Molecular Endocrinology 14:682-699.
• Zheng H, Yan W, Toppari J, Härkönen P. 2000. Improved non-radioactive RT-PCR method for relative quantification of mRNA. BioTechniques 28:832-834.
• Yan W, Suominen J, Samson M, Jégou B, Toppari J. 2000. Involvement of Bcl-2 family proteins in apoptosis during testicular development and pro-survival effect of stem cell factor on germ cells in vitro
• Yan W, Kero J, Huhtaniemi I, Toppari J. 2000. Stem cell factor functions as a survival factor for mature Leydig cells and a growth factor for precursor Leydig cells after ethylene dimethane sulfonate treatment: implication of the role of stem cell factor/c-kit interaction in Leydig cell development. Developmental Biology 227:169-182.
• Yan W, Suominen J, Toppari J. 2000. Stem cell factor protects germ cells from apoptosis in vitro. Journal of Cell Science 113:161-168.

1999

• Moilanen AM, Karvonen U, Poukka H, Yan W, Toppari J, Jänne OA, Palvimo J. 1999. A testis-specific androgen receptor coregulator that belongs to a novel family of nuclear proteins. Journal of Biological Chemistry 274:3700-3704.
• Nata M, Kimura T, Hashiyada M, He P, Yan W, Li X, Funayama M, Sagisaka K. 1999. Allele frequencies of eight STRs in Japanese and Chinese. International Journal of Legal Medicine 112:396-399.
• Schultz R, Yan W, Toppari J, Völkl A, Gustafsson J, Huikko MP. 1999. Expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α mRNA and protein in human and rat testis. Endocrinology 140:2968-2975.
• Hakovirta H*, Yan W*, Kaleva M, Zhang F, Vänttinen K, Morris PL, Söder O, Parvinen M, Toppari J. 1999. Function of stem cell factor as a survival factor of spermatogonia and localization of messenger ribonucleic acid in the rat seminiferous epithelium. Endocrinology 140:1492-1498 (*co-first authors).
• Yan W, Linderborg J, Suominen J, Toppari J. 1999. Stage-specific regulation of stem cell factor (SCF) gene expression in the rat seminiferous epithelium. Endocrinology 140:1499-1504.
• Tena-Sempere M, Kero J, Rannikko A, Yan W, Huhtaniemi I. 1999. The pattern of inhibin/activin α and βB subunit mRNA expression in rat testis after selective Leydig cell destruction by ethylene dimethane sulfonate

1997

• He P, Nata M, Kanetake J, Ji G, Yan W, Li X, Sagisaka K. 1997. Polymorphism of short tandem repeat (STR) loci PLA2, D3S2459, D8S315 (kw38), CYP19, D3S1359, FGA, and D8S1132 in the Japanese and Chinese populations. Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine 183:251-262.
• Yan W, West A, Toppari J, Lähdetie J. 1997. Stage-specific expression and phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein (pRb) in the rat seminiferous epithelium. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 132:137-148.

1995

• Sun YX, Zhao GC, Yan W. 1995. Age estimation on the female sternum by quantification theory and stepwise regression analysis. Forensic Science International 74:57-62.

1993

• Jiang XH, Yan W. 1993. Parentage determination of placental tissues through DNA fingerprints. Annals of Academy of Medicine 22:8-10.