Presenter: Fernando Montero, PhD
Online CME Credit
Fee: Free
Provides 1.00 hours of CE/CME credit (Presented: January 17, 2024; Reviewed February 14, 2024; Expires February 14, 2026)
Presenter: Fernando Montero, PhD
Online CME Credit
Fee: Free
Provides 1.00 hours of CE/CME credit (Presented: January 17, 2024; Reviewed February 14, 2024; Expires February 14, 2026)
The Pacific AIDS Education and Training Center-Nevada, in partnership with the Opioid Response Network, presents a virtual training program that will review the history of US street drug markets since the early 1990s to explain the emergence of xylazine, fentanyl, and crystal methamphetamine in regional markets formerly dominated by heroin and cocaine. It will examine the relationship between each of these newly prevalent synthetic substances and describe what we know so far about their impact on HIV and related comorbidities. Finally, it will assess how the public health impact of recent transformations to the US narcotics supply relates to the experience of drug consumption and the actual way that people use drugs in their everyday lives.
Following participation in this course, participants should be able to:
The Pacific AETC-NV offers engaging and interactive online learning opportunities to increase healthcare providers' knowledge and awareness of HIV and STI-related health topics. To view all session topics available, please click on Pacific AETC Nevada’s E-Learning page for more online and on-demand learning opportunities.
Fernando Montero, PhD
Chief T32 Postdoctoral Research Fellow
HIV Center for Clinical and Behavioral Studies
Department of Psychiatry
Columbia University
The Pacific AETC is supported by the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) as part of an award $3,887,700.00. The contents are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the official views of, nor an endorsement, by HRSA, HHS, or the U.S. Government. For more information, please visit HRSA.gov.
Please follow the link to register with the Pacific AETC Nevada’s E-Learning program. In order to continue funding and provide educational programming for health professionals around HIV/AIDS, we need all participants to register through PAETC-NV.
This webinar requires you to login into the University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Office of Continuing Medical Education’s (UNR Med CME) website to complete your registration. If you do not have a UNR Med CME account, you will need to make one.
Once you have signed into the UNR Med CME websites, follow the instructions below to watch the webinar and collect your CME, CE, and pharmacy credit.
If you have any questions, please email us at paetcnv@med.unr.edu.
For questions concerning the online evaluation or your certificate, please contact our office at (775) 784-4791 or email us at cme@med.unr.edu.
The University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education to provide continuing medical education for physicians.
The University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine designates this enduring material for a maximum of 1.00 AMA PRA Category 1 CreditsTM. Physicians should claim only the credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity.
The University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine approves this program for 1.00 hours of nursing continuing education credit.
The University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine is a provider of continuing education credit through the Nevada State Board of Pharmacy. This program is approved for 1.00 hours of continuing education credit for pharmacists.
As an accredited provider of continuing medical education through the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education (ACCME) the University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine must ensure balance, independence, objectivity, and scientific rigor in all its educational activities. In order to assure that information is presented in a scientific and objective manner, The University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine requires that anyone in a position to control or influence the content of an accredited activity disclose all financial relationships within the prior 24 months with any commercial or proprietary entity producing health care goods or services relevant to the content being planned or presented. All relevant financial relationships have been mitigated. Following are those disclosures.
All other presenters, planners or anyone in a position to control the content of this continuing medical education activity have indicated that they do not have financial relationships with ineligible companies related to the content of this activity.
1. Cai, Y, Dai, Z, Wen, S and Bhandari, R. 2020. Risk factors associated with infection of blood-borne virus among people who used methamphetamine. BMC Infectious Diseases, 20:742. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-020-05464-y
2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, US (CDC). 2019. 2019 Annual Surveillance Report of DrugRelated Risks and Outcomes. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
3. Center for Forensic Science Research and Education (CFSRE). 2022. Drug checking – Q2 2022: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. USA. [online access at https://www.cfsre.org/images/content/reports/drug_checking/2022-Q2_DrugChecking- Report_Philadelphia.pdf].
4. Ciccarone, D. 2021. The rise of illicit fentanyls, stimulants and the fourth wave of the opioid overdose crisis. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 34(4): 344-350.
5. Ciccarone, D. and Bourgois, P. 2003. Explaining the geographic variation of HIV among Injection Drug Users in the United States. Substance Use & Misuse, 38(14): 2049-2063.
6. Ciccarone, D., Ondocsin, J. and Mars, S. 2017. Heroin uncertainties: Exploring users’ perceptions of fentanyladulterated and -substituted ‘heroin’. International Journal of Drug Policy 46: 146-155.
7. Drug Enforcement Administration Philadelphia Field Division (DEA PFD). 2020. Illicit Stimulant Availability in Pennsylvania, 2020.
8. Friedman, J., Montero, F., Bourgois, P., Wahbi, R., Dye, D., Goodman, D., and Shover, C. 2022. Xylazine spreads across the US: A growing component of the increasingly synthetic and polysubstance overdose crisis. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 233: 109380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109380
9. Hedegaard, H., Minino, A. and Warner, M. 2020. Drug overdose deaths in the United States, 1999-2019. NCHS Data Brief, 394. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics.
10.Love, JS., Levine, M., Aldy, K., Brent, J., Krotulski, AJ., Logan, BK., Vargas-Torres, C., Walton, SE., Amaducci, A., Calello, D., et al. Opioid Overdoses Involving Xylazine in Emergency Department Patients: A Multicenter Study. Clinical Toxicology 61(3):173-180.
11. Montero, F., Bourgois, P., and Friedman, J. Potency-Enhancing Synthetics in the Drug Overdose Epidemic: Xylazine (“Tranq”), Fentanyl, Methamphetamine, and the Displacement of Heroin in Philadelphia and Tijuana. Journal of Illicit Economies and Development 4(2):204-222. https://jied.lse.ac.uk/articles/10.31389/jied.122
12. Reed, MK., Imperato, NS., Bowles, JM., Salcedo, VJ., Guth, A., Rising, KL. 2022. Perspectives of People in Philadelphia Who Use Fentanyl/Heroin Adulterated with the Animal Tranquilizer Xylazine: Making a Case for Xylazine Test Strips. Drug and Alcohol Reports 4 100074. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dadr.2022.100074
13. Reyes, JC., Negron, JL., Colon, HM., Padilla, AM., Millan, MY., Matos, TD., and Robles, RR. 2012. The emerging of xylazine as a new drug of abuse and its health consequences among drug users in Puerto Rico. Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 89(3): 519-526.
14. Rodriguez, N., Vargas Vidot, J., Panelli,J., Colon, H., Ritchie, B., and Yamamura, Y. 2008. GC-MS confirmation of xylazine (Rompun), a veterinary sedative, in exchanged needles. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 96: 290-293.
15. Shearer, RD., Howell, BA., Bart, G., Winkelman, TNA. 2020. Substance Use Patterns and Health Profiles among US Adults Who Use Opioids, Methamphetamine, or Both, 2015-2018. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 214(1):108162.
.16. Shover, CL., Falasinnu, TO., Dwyer, CL., Benitez Santos, N., Cunningham, NJ., Freedman, RB., Vest, NA. and Humphreys, K. 2020. Steep increases in fentanyl-related mortality west of the Mississippi River: Recent evidence from county and state surveillance. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 216: 1-8.
17. Torruella, RA. 2011. Xylazine (veterinary sedative) use in Puerto Rico. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy 6(7): 1-4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1747-597X-6-7